Society without the social: the Spanish labour movement and the rise of the social, 1840–1880

Focusing on the Spanish case, this article addresses two fundamental questions: why were many unionized workers sceptical about state intervention in labour issues throughout the nineteenth century, and why did this attitude begin to change from the 1860s onwards? Its main thesis is that workers’ attitudes derived ultimately from different historical notions of ‘society’ that shaped their perceptions and experiences of labour relations and their attitude toward the role of the state. Thus, a notion of society as an aggregation of individuals shaped unionized Spanish workers’ hostility toward state intervention since the creation of the first unions in the 1840s. From the 1860s onward, a new conception of collective relations, namely ‘the social’, began to transform some workers’ expectations of the role of the state in labour conflicts. The main factor that explains this change, it is argued, lies in the relationship between the workers’ imaginary, their actions, and their expectations about these actions.     

试论近代宁夏的羊皮毛贸易

近代宁夏羊皮毛贸易兴旺,且独具特色。其发展大致历经民间生活所需的物物交换,洋行垄断贸易,到地方商栈掌控,最后发展到官商联盟的购销与加工、地方政府倡办的购产销一体化等几个发展阶段。外商洋行在宁夏,恣意掠夺当地羊皮毛工业原料,在一定程度上促发了宁夏近代工商业的萌芽,有利于汉、回、蒙古等族的相互交往和了解。     

Trade, education, and innovation: Prospects for the U.S. economy

This paper examines international trade issues as vital indicators of the economic prospects of the United States and other developed economies. In particular, it challenges misuses of the doctrine of mutual gains from trade and instead argues that comparative advantage does not guarantee increases in benefits to both trading partners—especially when one partner seeks to distort the market mechanism in its favor. In the face of such mercantilist or protectionist practices, efforts to advance innovation, without retaining manufacturing jobs, will not ensure continued prosperity, as the number of jobs entailed in the invention process is small compared with the number of jobs associated with manufacturing an innovative product for mass consumption. These matters call for the urgent rethinking of trade policy by the United States and other developed nations, if they are to balance their imports and exports and ensure continued economic growth.     

基于上下级关系的沟通开放性对组织承诺的影响研究

对315位中国企业的员工进行测试,探讨沟通开放性对组织承诺的影响以及领导-成员交换和"关系"在此过程中的中介作用,并考察年龄、学历、职位级别等个人特征对各变量的影响。研究结论表明:①组织中沟通开放性对员工组织承诺有正向的影响;②沟通开放性对领导-成员交换和上下级"关系"均有正向的影响;③"关系"在沟通开放性与员工组织承诺的关系中起完全中介作用;④领导-成员交换不直接在沟通开放性与员工组织承诺的关系中起中介作用。在此基础上对中国企业提出有关建议:建立良性的正式沟通网络,保证各种信息能顺利进行传递;上级要对下属更加开放;上级要与下级保持良好的个人"关系",以获得下属的忠诚,以增强员工的组织承诺。     

宋代朝贡贸易中的回赐问题

解析宋代朝贡贸易中回赐的构成,可以清楚地了解贡赐双方的得失和态度.朝贡国可以获得贡物折价和贡物折价以外的加赐、国王(或首领)礼物、使节赏赐等特别赐予,说明宋朝在贡赐贸易中仍是厚往薄来的.宋朝出于处理现实国际关系和解说自身正统地位的需要,把贡赐贸易作为维持朝贡体系的重要手段.但总体上两宋对贡赐贸易的态度都更趋务实,采取了若干减少回赐的限制措施.     

扩大跨境贸易人民币结算:意义、问题与对策

扩大跨境贸易人民币结算对推进人民币区域化国际化、提升我国外贸企业国际竞争力等方面具有重要意义。跨境贸易人民币结算试点一年多来虽然实现了跨越式发展,但仍然存在规模小、结构失衡等问题,其原因在于境外企业人民币计价结算意愿弱;境外人民币离岸市场发展滞后,以及中资银行的国际化程度不高等因素。为进一步扩大跨境贸易人民币结算,以助推人民币区域化国际化的实现,我们必须借助香港国际金融中心的平台,加快发展香港人民币离岸市场,积极推进境外银行业开展人民币资产业务,壮大境外银行业人民币资产规模,同时必须加快推进中资银行业"走出去"的步伐。     

论山西票号的习惯法体系

采用法律社会学的方法对山西票号习惯法进行体系化和整体化的研究,有利于山西票号研究的进一步深入。在晋商习惯的基础上,山西票号形成了自己的习惯法以及习惯法体系。这一体系包括票号的行业习惯法和行会习惯法。但是,这一体系是不完整的。票号习惯法体系的不完整性阻碍了票号更大规模的联合——组建银行。而票号未能组建银行,是山西票号衰败的主要原因之一。     

国际铁矿石市场的定价方式及中国的对策分析

世界铁矿石价格的不断攀升和铁矿石进口企业在价格谈判中话语权的缺失,使中国钢铁行业面临严峻挑战。在分析国际铁矿石市场供给与需求特征的基础上,利用经济学基本原理探讨了国际铁矿石市场价格形成与变动过程,并在此基础上结合中国铁矿石供需特征,提出中国在国际铁矿石定价过程中赢得主动的相应策略。     

贸易自由度、汇率水平与经济增长

笔者通过构建一个垄断竞争条件下的一般均衡模型,分析了汇率水平与贸易自由度变化,对一国制造业份额、不同产业、进而对该国经济增长的影响。模型分析的结果显示,汇率水平与贸易自由度对经济增长的作用不仅取决于自身变化,还取决于两者的组合关系;劳动密集型产业对两者变化的反应相对于资本密集型产业更加敏感。     

转基因食品引发的国际贸易法律问题及对策

随着转基因技术的不断发展,转基因食品在国际贸易中的比重越来越大,由转基因食品引发的国际贸易争端也越来越多。世界贸易组织下的《技术性贸易壁垒协议》《实施卫生与动植物检疫措施协议》《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》对转基因食品贸易问题的规定与《生物多样性公约》《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》的规定有冲突的地方。中国作为转基因作物的种植大国,要积极完善转基因标识制度,转基因安全评价制度、积极参与世贸组织谈判、参与制定新的规则,大力发展我国的转基因产品出口贸易。